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Der Begriff Transgender
wird allgemein verwendet für ein breites Spektrum
von Individuen, Verhaltensweisen und Gruppen, die sich
durch eine teilweise oder vollständige Umkehrung der
"Geschlechterrolle" auszeichnen.
Geschlechterrollen
;vergleichen Sie auch die
anderen Definitionen unten.
Inhalte
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Ein Transgender-Symbol, eine Kombination aus dem
Männer-und dem Frauensymbol kombiniert mit einem
dritten Arm, der die Transgender repräsentiert.
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Terminologie
Der Begriff verbleibt in ständigem Wandel, aber die am
meisten akzeptierte Definition ist folgende:
-
Menschen, die, normalerweise ab der Geburt und basierend
auf ihrem Genital, einem Geschlecht zugeordnet wurden, die
dies aber als falsch oder nur als eine unvollständige
Beschreibung ihrer selbst empfinden.
Eine andere ist:
Die Nicht-Identifizierung mit, oder Nicht-Präsentation
als das Geschlecht, das einem bei der Geburt zugeordnet
wurde.
Transgender haben sich nicht unbedingt einer
Umwandlungstherapie
unterzogen und haben nicht zwingend ein
Interesse an einer solchen. Mit anderen Worten, nicht alle
Transgender sind zwangsläufig
transsexuell .
Bezieht man sich auf die zwei Hauptrichtungen von
Transgender, können die Begriffe
Transmann für Frau-zu-Mann Transgender (was im
weiteren mit FtM abgekürzt werden kann) und
Transfrau für Mann-zu-Frau Transgender (was im
weiteren mit MtF abgekürzt werden kann) verwendet
werden. Bisher vermutete man stets, dass es erheblich mehr
Transfrauen als Transmänner gäbe. Das
Verhältnis ist jedoch ungefähr 1:1.
Transgender kann eine Reihe von Unterkategorien beinhalten,
welche, unter anderem,
Transsexuelle,
Transvestiten,
Transvestiten, bewusst
androgyne Menschen, Menschen, die
genderqueersind, solche, die
cross-genderleben,
Drag-Kings und
Drag-Queenssind- unter vielen
anderen. Nicht dazuzuzählen, weil hier kein
Geschlechtsbezug besteht, sind (wobei in der Praxis die
Grenze schwer zu ziehen ist)
transvestitische
Fetischisten .
Viele Menschen identifizieren sich auch als reine
Transgender, obwohl sie möglicherweise auch in
eine der zuvor erwähnten Kategorien passen.
In welchem Ausmass
intersex Menschen (deren Genitalien oder andere körperliche,
sexuelle Charakteristika die nicht rein männlich
oder weiblich sind) in die Transgender Kategorie
gehören wird oft diskutiert. Nicht alle Intersex
Menschen haben ein Problem mit der
Geschlechterrolle die ihnen bei der Geburt zugewiesen
wurde, und nicht alle haben Schwierigkeiten mit der
geschlechtliche
Identität . Diejenigen jedoch, die Probleme haben,
ordnet man manchmal den
Transgenderzu.
Das Gegenteil von Transgender ist
cisgender.
Die Begriffe
"geschlechtliche Dysphorie"und
"Störung der Geschlechtsidentität" werden von
Medizinern gebraucht, um diese Tendenzen als einen
psychologischen Zustand und die Reaktion auf seine sozialen
Konsequenzen zu beschreiben.Genaugenommen werden
Geschlechtsdysphorie und Störungen der
Geschlechtsidentität als psychische Erkrankungen
betrachtet, wie beschrieben in
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM), dem Standardwerk für
psychische Gesundheitspflege. Leider wissen viele
Anbieter psychischer Gesundheitsfürsorge nur wenig
über das Leben von Transgendern, und Menschen, die bei
diesen Fachkräften Hilfe suchen, enden meist darin,
selbst aufzuklären, statt Hilfe zu bekommen. Unter
diesen Therapeuten, Psychologen etc., die
über Transgender Bescheid wissen, glauben viele,
dass eine Geschlechtsumwandlung die beste oder einzige
Lösung sei. Diese funktioniert gut bei echten
Transsexuellen, jedoch oft weit weniger gut bei den
cross-gender Menschen, die sich weder als reine
männlich noch als
weiblichsehen.
Andere Definitionen
Ursprünglich wurde der Ausdruck
Transgender in den
70ern von Virginia Prince in den USA geprägt, als
Kontrast zu dem Begriff "transsexuell", als Bezeichnung
für jemanden, der keine Operation wünscht, um das
"Geschlecht zu ändern", und/oder der sich "zwischen"
den Geschlechtern sieht, sich nicht strikt mit dem einen
oder anderen Geschlecht identifiziert, sich weder als rein
männlich noch als rein weiblich sieht.
Transgenderisten und nicht-operierte Transsexuelle
Häufig wird in älteren Texten (vor den
90ern), heute jedoch kaum noch, der Begriff
Transgender gebraucht als Bezeichnung für
"nicht-operierte Transsexuelle" oder "nicht-operierte
Transmenschen", die nicht mit ihrem natürlichen
Geschlecht leben und, obwohl eine
Geschlechtsumwandlung möglich wäre, sich
dagegen entschieden haben; manchmal entscheiden sie sich
auch gegen eine andere
Therapie zur
Geschlechtsumwandlung .Manchmal wird, zum Beispiel in
den
Niederlanden
(jedoch nicht im restlichen
Europa), der Begriff
transgender immernoch für diese spezielle Gruppe
benutzt anstatt als Oberbegriff.
Diese Gruppe ist manchmal auch bekannt als
"Transgenderisten" oder "nicht-operierte Transsexuelle"
. Viele betonen, dass der Begriff "nicht-operierter
Transsexueller" weit vom Ideal entfernt ist, weil er ein
Oxymoron zu sein scheint
(Menschen, die dem anderen Geschlecht angehören
wollen, dies jedoch nicht umsetzen) oder er Menschen
darüber definiert, was sie nicht sind, anstatt
darüber, was sie sind. Leider scheint es keinen
perfekten Begriff für diese Menschen zu geben.
Transgender als ein "dazwischen"
Transgender wird manchmal auch spezifisch als ein
"dazwischen"-Begriff gebraucht, statt als Oberbegriff.
Ein neuerer Begriff ist "genderqueer", der sich auf das
Gemisch von traditionell typisch "männlichen" und
"weiblichen" Eigenschaften bezieht, und der auch das
"dazwischen", welches manchmal mit transgender und
Transgenderismus assoziiert wird, bezeichnet.
Transsexuell
-
Hauptartikel:
Transsexuell
Transsexuelle sind Menschen, die den Wunsch haben, oder
es erreicht haben, einem anderen physischen
Geschlecht zuzugehören, als dem, welches ihnen
bei der Geburt zugewiesen wurde. Eine typische (wenn auch
zu vereinfachte) Erklärung ist die einer "Frau
gefangen im Körper eines Mannes" oder umgekehrt; viel
transsexuelle Frauen sagen, dass sie faktisch immer
weiblichen Geschlechts waren, als Kind jedoch aufgrund
ihrer Genitalien dem männlichen Geschlecht zugeordnet
wurden, und da ihnen bewusst geworden sei, dass sie Frauen
seien, wünschten sie sich eine Anpassung ihres
Körpers. Transmänner fühlen entsprechend
genau das Gegenteil.
The process of physical transition for transsexuals usually includes
hormone replacement therapy and may include
sexual reassignment surgery
(a.k.a.
gender reassignment
surgery). For transwomen,
electrolysis for hair removal is often required, while many transmen
have breast-reduction surgery as early as possible, whether
accompanied by genital surgery or not.
Some spell the term
transexual with one
s in order to reduce the association of their identity
with psychiatry and medicine.
Terminology and concepts, compared to transgender
Transgender is often used as a
euphemistic synonym for transsexual people by some. One
set of reasoning for this is that it removes the conceptual
image "sex" in "transsexual" that implies transsexuality is
sexually motivated, which it is not. This usage is
problematic because it can cause transgender people who do
not identify as transsexual to be confused with them. It
also seems to remove the issue of social presentation
(gender, in its social sense) from the question, even
though gender role and presentation is an important part of
the equation.
Furthermore, many transsexuals reject the term
"transgender" as an identification for themselves, either
as a synonym or as an umbrella term. They advance a number
of arguments for this. One argument is that the use of the
umbrella term inaccurately subsumes them and causes their
identity, history, and existence to be marginalized.
Another is that they perceive the term to be the breaking
down of gender barriers, whereas transsexual people
themselves usually identify as men or as women -- just not
as they were assigned at birth. A third occasionally
mentioned is that they did not
change gender at any point -- they have always had their
gender (identity), and the
difficulty is their
sex
(anatomy), which they desire to change. However, others
point out that transsexual people do change their
gender role at some point, and that most
non-transsexual transgender people always had their gender
identity, too.
A more problematic dispute with the use of the term
"transsexual" is that it refers to processes of chemical
and/or anatomical modification that do not actually render
an individual reproductively viable after transition
processes, nor change sex chromosomes. Particularly,
criticism of transsexual women by some feminists includes
the contention that their transition is cosmetic rather
than fundamental, and they are thus not "really" changing
their sex at all (thus the use of transgender).
These critics claim that the presumption of reproductive
viability is what distinguishes "women" from "men". This
argument is used to discount the rights of identification
and association with other women that transsexual women
might claim. However, many arguments that link whether
someone is a "woman" or a "man" based on reproductive
capability, or
chromosomes, fall apart when
considering non-transsexual people who are
infertile or non-transsexual men or women who have a
chromosomal configuration different from other men and
women in the general population.
Probably many of these problems are associated with the
history of the term "transgender" and its other definitions;
see above.
To respect the identity of those transsexual people who do
not identify as transgender, the constructions
trans,
trans*, or
transgender and transsexual sometimes are used to
describe all transpeople.
Further, many people who this article would define as
transgender reject the term altogether, along with other
related terms (transsexual, crossgender, etc.). This is most
commonly seen with people who have changed sex but who do
not define themselves as transsexual. A common statement is
that a transsexual is someone who is undergoing a change
from one sex to another; someone who has already done so is
simply a "man" or a "woman". This brings up issues of the
extent to which someone who is not a part of a group may
define it, also seen in the case of, for example,
"men who have sex with men"
(MSMs), who do not see themselves as
homosexual but could still be defined as such.
Cross-dressing
-
Main articles:
cross-dressing,
transvestism,
drag king,
drag queen,
transvestic fetishism
A person who is
cross-dressing is any person who, for any reason, wears
the clothing of a gender other than that to which they were
assigned at birth. Cross-dressers may have no desire or
intention of adopting other behaviours or practices common
to that gender, and particularly does (currently) not wish
to undergo medical procedures to facilitate physical
changes. Contrary to common belief, most male-bodied
cross-dressers prefer female partners.
Drag involves wearing highly exaggerated and outrageous
costumes or imitating movie and music stars of the opposite
sex. It is a form of
performing art practiced by
drag queens and
drag kings. Drag is often found in a
gay or
lesbian context. The term "drag king" can also apply to
people from the female-to-male side of the transgender
spectrum who do not see themselves as exclusively male
identified, therefore covering a much wider ground than a
"drag queen".
Transvestic fetishism is a term used in the medical
community to refer to one who has a
fetish for wearing the clothing of the opposite gender.
This is considered a derogatory term by some, as it implies
a hierarchy of value in which the sexual element of
transgender behaviour is of low social value. Many reject
the term "transvestite" for this reason, preferring
cross-dresser instead. It is often difficult to distinguish
between fetishism that happens to have female clothing as
an object and transgender behaviour that includes sexual
play. Some people feel that transvestic fetishism does not
count as cross-dressing.
Other
"Transgender" is also used to describe behaviour or
feelings that cannot be categorized into these older
sub-categories, for example, people living in a gender role
that is different from the one they were assigned at birth,
but who do not wish to undergo any or all of the available
medical options, or people who do not wish to identify
themselves as "transsexuals", "men" or "women", and
consider that they fall between genders, or transcend
gender.
Some people who present as female, but with
male genitalia may have been born
intersexual but may also be transsexual or transgender, who do
transition
(taking
oestrogens and/or other methods) to achieve some
desired secondary sex characteristics, but not
sexual reassignment
surgery. Sometimes these individuals are referred to as
ladyboy or
shemale
(compare there), but these terms are considered derogatory
by many, including most transgender or transsexual people
not working in the sex industry.
Other Issues
(Trans-)gender identity is different from, though related to,
sexual orientation. Sexual
orientations among transgender people vary just as much as
they do among cisgender people. Although few studies have
been done, transgender groups almost always report that
their members are more likely to be attracted to those with
the same
gender identity, compared to
the population as a whole; that is, transwomen are more
likely to be attracted to other women, and transmen are
more likely to be attracted to other men. Many transgender
people who are attracted to others of the same gender will
identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
Note that in the professional literature, "homosexual" and
"heterosexual" are very often used respective to
clients' birth sex, instead of their desired sex.
Transgender people may feel misunderstood by caregivers
because of this practice; it is also quite confusing when a
relationship that is considered gay or lesbian by both
partners is labeled
heterosexual, or a relationship that consists, as
far as the partners are concerned, of a man and a women is
labeled
homosexual. The existence of transgender people and
their sexual relationships points to certain inadequacies
of language.
Many Western societies today have some sort of procedure
whereby an individual can change their name, sometimes also
their legal gender, to reflect their
gender identity; see
Legal aspects of
transsexualism. Medical procedures for transgender
people are also available in most Western and many
non-Western countries. However, because gender roles are an
important part of many cultures, those engaged in strong
challenges to the prevalence of these roles, such as many
transgender people, often have to face considerable
prejudice.
Transgender in non-Western cultures
This article describes primarily Western modes of
transgenderism. Many other cultures have or have had
similar phenomena:
- The so-called
berdache in many
Native American groups is recognized as a separate
gender, a woman-living-man, not as a man who wants to be a
woman. The term "berdache" is a misnomer, however, as no
Native American group actually used the term; different
ethnic groups had different names for the role, such as the
winkte. The husband of such a person is not viewed as
being gender-different themself, but as a normal male. In
some societies there is a corresponding gender for
man-living-women (
amazons).
- In
Thai culture, there is the
kathoey, who is very similar to the
English definition of transgender, but is sometimes
broader, including effiminate gay males moreso than
"transgender" does.
-
South Asian cultures have
hijra, usually genetic males who have been castrated
and live as women.
- Chinese cultures have a wide variety of transgender
modes of existence. See
transgender in China.
Gender identity disorder
Transgender and transsexualism are only regarded as a
disorder if they make a person unhappy and unsatisfied, or
causes problems in relations to other people. If they are
happy with it, and it causes no problem, it is a
personality trait, but not a disorder.
Persons with a gender identity disorder have had strong
feelings since childhood that they were born in the wrong
body. They want to belong to the opposite sex, e.g. they
want to be a woman instead of a man and vice versa. This
can be seen in children when they keep on indicating that
they want to belong to the opposite sex, want to wear
clothes of the opposite sex and have a strong and
continuous preference for playing the role of the other sex
or pretending to belong to this sex. They also want to play
games and have pastimes of the other sex and preferably
play with pals of the other sex.
Note that transgender need
not
include a wish to have sex playing another sex role
than born with. Note also that some people normally use
their normal gender role, but sometimes wish to try out the
reverse gender role.
In adolescents this disorder is very noticeable by signs
like wishing to belong to the opposite sex, living like
someone of the other sex, being treated as someone of the
other sex or be convinced that he or she has the typical
feelings and reactions of the other sex. Transsexuals are
not transvestites; transvestites are people who every now
and then feel good in the clothes of the other sex, but
don't want to live like this forever.
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